2005 Conference on Systems Engineering Research (CSER), Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, March 2005 Rick Dove, [email protected] Page 1 of 12. The twenty-first century provides an exciting opportunity for systems engineering. New advances in our understanding of the traditional discipline continue to emerge. Health integration and interoperability issues: towards a solution through enterprise architecture | Health Information Science and Systems. Based on Zachman’s model [2. Health architecture provides taxonomy for the insight that describes the real- world ICT and HIS implementation. This section introduces the e. Health architecture for healthcare in a developing country. The model provides the solution as a result of the weaknesses in the existing architectural models. Investments in healthcare information and communication technology (ICT) and health information systems (HIS) continue to increase. This is creating immense pressure. 1. Introduction. The World Wide Web (WWW, or simply Web) is an information space in which the items of interest, referred to as resources, are identified by global. IEEE Goals and Objectives Chartered by IEEE Software Engineering Standards Committee to: ♦ Define direction for incorporating architectural thinking into IEEE standards. Enterprise systems engineering (ESE) is the discipline that applies systems engineering to the design of an enterprise. [1] As a discipline, it includes a body of. The University of Nairobi is among the top 900 universities in the World. This is according to the latest survey that was carried out by QS World University Rankings. Overview. Various organizations can define systems architecture in different ways, including: The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components. The model relies on the Zachman model, on the grounds that it is ontology for enterprise architecture model modelling [2. The thought of adopting the Zachman model is as elaborated in [2. Therefore, the following are the reasons for the adoption; the process of modelling social–technical systems or ontology such as a unified architecture model helps in identifying and understanding the relevant elements in a specific domain and the relationships between them [2. Zachman enterprise architecture model (i. Healthcare activities in using ICT can easily be modified for certain elements of its architecture model. The e. Health architecture will help in identifying the relevant measures to be relied on in the change process within the healthcare [2. The e. Health architecture will help managers simulate rules, change managements and capabilities to learn about them. This is a way of executing risk- free experiments without endangering delicate healthcare activities [2. The e. Health architecture is in the form of matrix modelled architecture, with an n- by- m matrix, which comprises n rows, which represent perspectives and m columns, which represent views. The perspective in this context comprises the enterprise, system, implementer and the hardware [2. The requirement entries in the row are represented by x rows, and the entries for the column are represented by y columns, which is denoted by$$\begin{aligned}& a_{ij}\ \mathrm{The\, relationship\, between\, and\, the\, matrix\, shown\, below\, are}\\& a. The matrix shows the extent to which healthcare requirements can be constructed in order to realise the goals of ICT and HIS in healthcare. Assuming that the horizontal integration of$$\begin{aligned}& a_{1. Also, if, the vertical integration is represented as$$\begin{aligned}& a_{1. The e. Health architecture enables various healthcare elements to comprehend the detailed structure and components of the healthcare and how they work together. Health architecture, which are as follows: readily available reports of various functions within the healthcare; the ability to unify and integrate the healthcare processes across multiple functions; ability to unify and integrate data across the healthcare and to link up with external partners; increased agility by lowering the complexity barrier within the healthcare; reduced healthcare solution delivery time and development costs by maximising reuse of the healthcare model; and ability to create and maintain a common vision of the future shared by both healthcare and IT communities by driving IT alignment. Combining the horizontal and the vertical integration from the equation above, it follows that, for Enterprise architecture, there will be$$\begin{aligned}& x_{i}y_{j} = x_{1}y_{1} + x_{2}y_{2} + \cdots + x_{n}y_{m}\\& x_{i}y{j} = x_{n}y_{m} + x_{2n}y_{2m} + x_{2(n- 1)}y_{2(m- 1)} \end{aligned}$$System architecture, gives$$\begin{aligned}& x_{i}y_{j} = x_{1}y_{1} + x_{2}y_{2} + \cdots + x_{n}y_{m}\\& \cdots\\& x_{i}y_{j} = x_{n}y_{m} + x_{2n}y_{2m} + x_{2(n- 1)}y_{2(m- 1)} \end{aligned}$$Implementation architecture, gives$$\begin{aligned}& x_{i}y_{j} = x_{1}y_{1} + x_{2}y_{2} + \cdots + x_{n}y_{m}\\& \cdots\\& x_{i}y_{j} = x_{n}y_{m} + x_{2n}y_{2m} + x_{2(n- 1)}y_{2(m- 1)} \end{aligned}$$Hardware architecture, gives$$\begin{aligned}x_{i}y_{j} = x_{1}y_{1} + x_{2}y_{2} + \cdots + x_{n}y_{m}\end{aligned}$$The architectural framework being applied towards a solution through enterprise architecture in e. Health integration and interoperability is adapted from [2. Health as explained in the equations above. The e. Health model presents the requirement for present and future ICT and HIS in healthcare; the model examines requirements based on the healthcare need, system, implementer, and hardware requirements. The model is adaptable and examines the developer’s and user’s views that systems hold high hopes for their potential to change traditional organisational design, intelligence, and decision- making for the better, according to [2. The e. Health architectural model also defines dynamic capability as the healthcare’s ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments. Changes in technology bring about new possibilities in the business environments. Since information technology technical solutions are not static, organisations are faced with continual change hardware, software, and networking standards.$$\begin{aligned}x_{i}y_{j} = x_{n}y_{m} + x_{2n}y_{2m} + x_{2(n- 1)}y_{2(m- 1)}\end{aligned}$$As new software becomes available, hardware must be replaced to meet the minimum requirement of the software [2. As this phase of change occurs in technology, firm’s innovation performance, aspiration level, and organisational learning, according to [3. The change in technology forces a shift in the scope of technology implementation; thus, the unified enterprise architecture should create an avenue for this change to be accommodated [3. K\sum ^{m}_{i=1}[x_{i}y_{j}.\ln (x_{i}y_{j})]\,(i = 1,2,\ldots,n)(j = 1,2,\ldots,m)\\& K = \infty /\ln (m)\\& x_{i} = y_{j}\bigg/\sum ^{n}_{i=1}y_{j}\,(i = 1,2,\ldots,n) \\& y_{j} = x_{i}\bigg/\sum ^{m}_{j=1}x_{j}\,(j = 1,2,\ldots,m) \end{aligned}$$.
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